NARRATOR Nazi efforts to isolate and intimidate took a violent turn in November 1938—in the form of a planned assault, or “pogrom”—on Jewish homes, businesses, and gathering places throughout Germany and German-occupied Austria. Formerly known as Kristallnacht, the November Pogrom’s two days of terror marked the first time Nazis used fear and direct violence as a weapon against the Jewish populations. Survivor Leah Shander: "...I think this is an action to show the Jews once and for all that there was no hope for them. They were the enemy. They were the cause of the misery of the German people...and they were going to be gotten rid of and that was the message." NARRATOR Ben Waserman: “I remember we had a Jewish bakery down the street, and on Kristallnacht they broke all the glass in the front, and they just threw all the cakes out in the street. It was just total chaos. And the police . . . they just stood around, they just laughed. They had a grand old time.” NARRATOR During the November Pograms, thousands of Jews were rounded up and arrested. Hundreds were killed in the riots. More than one-thousand synagogues were burned. Survivor Norbert Lachman: "...I saw the temple in flames...there was prayer books, Torah books and everything in flames or shattered on the street...I heard windows going. People were throwing stones into Jewish stores and all the glass coming down..." NARRATOR The desecration and destruction of Jewish religious items and temples were determined objectives of Nazi pogroms. However, in acts of resistance, many holy books were hidden and preserved, such as the Sefer Torah scroll, which dates to 1700.