Hello again, it’s me, Berlin! Don’t you think I look pretty good after the reconstruction of 1690? I’ve got a new city wall and brand-new fortifications! Frederick William, also known as the Great Elector, transformed me. After the Thirty Years' War he wanted a new fortress for protection. To build it he hired a Dutchman called Memmhard, who knew how to design modern fortifications. With eight-metre tall ramparts. But here’s the rub: The weapons just got better and better. And by the time the fortifications were finished, they were already out of date! Didn’t stand the slightest chance! It’s a bit like the new Berlin airport, d’ you know? By the time its finished – whenever that may be - it will already be too small! [small chuckle] You can still find some traces from the old fortifications today. See that trench? That was a part. Nowadays the S-Bahn takes that exact route from Hackescher Markt to Jannowitzbrücke.